Использовала ли американская индустрия бездымного табака стратегии сигаретной промышленности для спонсирования и манипулирования исследованиями?
Источник: Wiley Online Library (The Addiction)
David S. Timberlake, Bryan D. Nguyen, Andrew T. Nguyen
First published: 15 March 2025
https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70039
Аннотация
Предпосылки и цель
Сигаретная промышленность в Соединенных Штатах (США) заложила основу для спонсирования исследований с целью улучшения связей с общественностью и защиты от судебных дел об ответственности за качество продукции. Меньшая угроза судебного разбирательства, с которой столкнулась американская индустрия бездымного табака (SLT — smokeless tobacco), возможно, способствовала спонсированию независимых исследований по употреблению SLT и последствиям для здоровья. Цель данного исследования — определить, использовала ли индустрия SLT стратегии сигаретной промышленности для манипулирования исследованиями рисков для здоровья.
Методы
Внутренние документы индустрии (например, письма, служебные записки) с 1970-х по 1990-е годы были доступны через онлайн-библиотеку документов табачной индустрии Truth в Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Франциско. Система стратегий табачной промышленности и критериев оценки спонсируемых исследований легла в основу классификации и обобщения документов, выявленных методом «снежного кома» (n = 177). Резюме награжденных проектов в ежегодных отчетах Совета по исследованию бездымного табака (STRC) были закодированы на предмет содержания (n = 189, 1982-1997 гг.).
Результаты
Под руководством юристов индустрия SLT спонсировала исследования в поддержку позиции своей группы интересов; выступала против исследований специфических для табака канцерогенов, таких как N-нитрозонорникотин (NNN); жестко критиковала исследование по контролю случаев рака ротоглотки; опиралась на группу получателей грантов и руководство STRC для дачи показаний против ограничений SLT. STRC присудил большую долю проектов по никотину (78/189), включая использование для лечения (например, синдрома Туретта), но недофинансировал эпидемиологические исследования (n = 3). Тем не менее, STRC наградил проекты по экстрактам или компонентам (например, NNN, n = 30), которые могут указывать на роль SLT в канцерогенезе.
Выводы
Несмотря на то, что Совет по изучению бездымного табака проводил некоторые исследования, которые могли ослабить промышленность, несбалансированный портфель проектов Совета и его неразрывная связь с промышленностью, скорее всего, благоприятствовали позиции группы интересов. Таким образом, мы не можем сделать вывод, что индустрия бездымного табака спонсировала исследования исключительно ради научных открытий. Большей независимости исследований, спонсируемых промышленностью, можно достичь, делегируя принятие научных решений ученым (а не юрисконсульту), ограничивая руководство теми, кто не связан с промышленным спонсором, и не полагаясь на грантополучателей в отстаивании позиции группы интересов.
Ссылки
- Brandt AM. Inventing conflicts of interest: a history of tobacco industry tactics. Am J Public Health. 2012 Jan; 102(1): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292
- Brandt A. The cigarette century: the rise, fall and deadly persistence of the product that defined america. New York: Basic Books; 2007.Google Scholar
- United State Tobacco Company. Response of United States tobacco company to letter dated may 19, 1994 from henry a. Waxman, chairman, house subcommittee on health and the environment, to joseph r. Taddeo, president, United States tobacco company. November 28 Ness Motley Law Firm Documents; 1994. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jhch0045
- Smokeless tobacco council INC. Medical research. August RJ Reynolds Records; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/fknf0096
- Hacking IG. Smokeless tobacco. February 7 British American Tobacco Records; 1984. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jrfh0196
- Smokeless Tobacco Research Council I. Annual report of the smokeless tobacco research council Brown & Williamson Records; 1997. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/yzdf0097
- Proctor RN. “learning is part of the fun”: key events in u.S. smokeless tobacco history. Stanford University; 2020.Google Scholar
- Bero L, Barnes DE, Hanauer P, Slade J, Glantz SA. Lawyer control of the tobacco industry’s external research program. The Brown and Williamson documents. Jama. 1995; 274(3): 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530030061035
- Bero LA. Tobacco industry manipulation of research. Public Health Rep. 2005; 120(2): 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000215
- Hanauer P, Slade J, Barnes DE, Bero L, Glantz SA. Lawyer control of internal scientific research to protect against products liability lawsuits. The Brown and Williamson documents. Jama. 1995; 274(3): 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530030054034
- The smokeless tobacco research council. 1982 report of the smokeless tobacco research council New York; 1982.Google Scholar
- Carpenter CM, Connolly GN, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Wayne GF. Developing smokeless tobacco products for smokers: an examination of tobacco industry documents. Tob Control. 2009 Feb; 18(1): 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.026583
- Berman ML. Tobacco litigation without the smoke? Cigarette companies in the smokeless tobacco industry. J Health Care Law Pol. 2008; 11: 7–55.Google Scholar
- Anderson SJ, McCandless PM, Klausner K, Taketa R, Yerger VB. Tobacco documents research methodology. Tob Control. 2011; 20(Suppl 2): ii8–ii11. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.041921
- Cohen JE, Zeller M, Eissenberg T, Parascandola M, O’Keefe R, Planinac L, et al. Criteria for evaluating tobacco control research funding programs and their application to models that include financial support from the tobacco industry. Tob Control. 2009; 18(3): 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.027623
- Tunis S, Korn A, Ommaya A. The role of purchasers and payers in the clinical research enterprise: workshop summary. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2002.Google Scholar
- Smokeless tobacco research council I. Annual report of the smokeless tobacco research council. New York; 1982.Google Scholar
- Bloch SF. Status of research proposals and research. January 28 RJ Reynolds Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1978 https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/rtpy0100
- Wells JK. Confidential communication from b&w in-house counsel to b&w in-house counsel reflecting legal advice and attorney opinion work product regarding information obtained at seminar concerning smokeless tobacco. November 9 Brown & Williamson Records; 1979 https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qhll0041
- Smith JF. Snuff-dippers lesion. A ten-year follow-up. Arch Otolaryngol. 1975; 101(5): 276–277. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1975.00780340008002
- Smith JF, Mincer HA, Hopkins KP, Bell J. Snuff-dipper’s lesion. A cytological and pathological study in a large population. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970; 92(5): 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1970.04310050032005
- Smokeless Tobacco Council. Smokeless tobacco and health. US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/psbh0028
- Smokeless tobacco council incorporated. Smokeless tobacco and health. November US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1970. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/rqln0030
- Peacock EE. Letter from erle e peacock to wb Bennett regarding research proposal on long term carcinogenicity of saccharin in the rat. September 21 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1978. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/srny0030
- Pittman RA. Interest in project #5. March 6 Brown & Williamson Records; Minnesota Documents; Master Settlement Agreement; 1979. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hkxc0136
- Finnegan T. In: Tobacco Products Liability Project Collection, editor, Dr. William ganong. November 29; 1982. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/tsym0050
- JS MC. Drs. Weathers and la via. December 16 Tobacco Products Liability Project Collection; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/lzvf0048
- Finnegan T. Dr. Theodor D. Sterling March 11 Tobacco Products Liability Project Collection; 1992. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hpxn0050
- Ladd AT. Recommendation for research on personality traits & smokeless tobacco use. August 15 Brown & Williamson Records; 1990. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/rrxx0137
- Finnegan T. Research information. October 5 Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/yggx0002
- Finnegan T. International symposium on nicotine. August 4 Tobacco Products Liability Project Collection; 1990. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/nqxn0050
- Medinger J. Cardiovascular disease. June 18 RJ Reynolds Records; 1982. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/gnng0001
- Task force meeting (1/18/83). US tobacco records on smokeless tobacco; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hzgd0044
- SMOKELESS TOBACCO COUNCIL. Regulatory/political environment meeting. January 18 Depositions and Trial Testimony (DATTA); 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/lxdp0034
- Task force meeting. January 21 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xgxw0044
- Peacock EE. Statement of dr erle e peacock. US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/npmh0037
- Stevens AJ. Smokeless tobacco council (stc) scientific research committee. March 4 Lorillard; 1981. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dzp20e00
- Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc. Eleventh annual meeting of members and meeting of board of directors. May 9 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1991. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/gqww0037
- Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc. Minutes of the meeting of the board of directors smokeless tobacco research council incorporated. September 27 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1995 .https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/mqww0037
- 40Vorderer C. Minutes of the meeting of the board of directors smokeless tobacco research council inc. October 11 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1989 https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/thjn0030
- Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW, Toledo A, Fraumeni JF Jr. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. N Engl J Med. 1981; 304(13): 745–749. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198103263041301
- Manning RA. Winn study: New England j med, — 3/26/81. April 16 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1984 https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khpy0030
- Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc. Written submissions of the smokeless tobacco council to the scientific advisory panel, California safe drinking water and toxic enforcement act of 1986. January 29 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1988 https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/tkww0037
- Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc. Comments submitted to the federal trade commission in connection with ftc docket no 209–47. June 29 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1984. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/lhlh0037
- SMOKELESS TOBACCO COUNCIL INC. Fact of the matter is legislative manual. Tobacco Institute Records; Master Settlement Agreement. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/gylc0137
- Materials transmitted to 60 minutes January 4. US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1985. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qjky0030
- Oral cancer and smokeless tobacco note. US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/rkgy0030
- Sterling TD, Weinkam JJ. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States: a review of a study by winn et al. august 19. Philip Morris Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1986. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hffb0084
- Plesec WT. Wall street journal inquiry. February 12 RJ Reynolds Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1992. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sfmb0024
- Jurczenia E. Memo from E Jurczenia to R Rossi enclosing letter on Winn study. June 4. US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1984. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/gkgf0044
- Manning RA. Memo from richard a manning to timothy Cornell regarding meeting with julia morton at the university of Miami. June 26 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1984. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/gtwm0046
- Kozlowski LT. Origins in the USA in the 1980s of the warning that smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes: a historical, documents-based assessment with implications for comparative warnings on less harmful tobacco/nicotine products. Harm Reduct J. 2018; 15(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0228-8
- ABC World News Tonight. Fatal fad. January 10 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qsgy0030
- Kerrigan MS. 2327 — proposed New York legislation concerning the labeling, advertising and distribution of smokeless tobacco products. May 22 Industry-Provided Depositions; 1985. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/zhmx0037
- Kupper L. Dr. Lawrence kupper testimonial. Brown & Williamson Records. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/mynb0147
- Bantle L. Public comments on our smokeless products. October 15 Ness Motley Law Firm Documents; 1985. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xhch0045
- COMM ON ENERGY + COMMERCE; HOUSE; SUBCOMM ON HEALTH + THE ENVIRONMENT. H.R. — 760, h.R. 2950 and related bills concerning THE health effects of smokeless tobacco products witness list. July 26 Philip Morris Records; 1985. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/tfdb0084
- United States tobacco submissions to department of health and social security. October 1 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1984. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llkm0046
- Grice HB. Snuff-dipping. April 24 British American Tobacco Records; 1985. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/zgbb0212
- Axell T. Letter from tony axell to Barry slater enclosing presentation for review. September 20 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1984. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/zqxm0046
- Gilmartin G. Letter from gerry gilmartin to wb Bennett regarding snuff and health symposium. July 31 US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1971. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/kppy0030
- Summary of conversation between the abc-tv reporters and executive director of the smokeless tobacco council regarding program aired on “world news tonight” US Tobacco Records on Smokeless Tobacco; 1983. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xslw0044
- Samet JM, Burke TA. Turning science into junk: the tobacco industry and passive smoking. Am J Public Health. 2001; 91(11): 1742–1744. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742
- Hirschhorn N, Bialous SA, Shatenstein S. The Philip Morris external research program: results from the first round of projects. Tob Control. 2006. Jun; 15(3): 267–269. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.012799
- Institute of Medicine. The role of purchasers and payers in the clinical research enterprise: workshop summary. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2002.Google Scholar
- Berridge V, Bayer R, Fairchild A, Hall W. E-cigarettes and the comparative politics of harm reduction: history, evidence, policy. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan;
- Tan ASL, Soneji S, Moran MB, Choi K. Juul labs’ sponsorship and the scientific integrity of vaping research. Lancet. 2019; 394(10196): 366–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31718-0